Stretchable Thermoelectric Generators for Self-Powered Wearable Health Monitoring

Mason Zadan, Anthony Wertz, Dylan Shah, Dinesh K. Patel, Wuzhou Zu, Youngshang Han, Jeff Gelorme, Hing Jii Mea, Lining Yao, Mohammad H. Malakooti, Seung Hwan Ko, Navid Kazem, and Carmel Majidi✉. Advanced Functional Materials. 2024. PDF I DOI

As continuous wearable physiological monitoring systems become more ubiquitous in healthcare, there is an increasing need for power sources that can sustainably power wireless sensors and electronics for long durations. Wearable energy harvesting with thermoelectric generators (TEGs), in which body heat is converted to electrical energy, presents a promising way toprolong wireless operation and address battery life concerns. In this work, high performance TEGs are introduced that combine 3D printed elastomers with liquid metal epoxy polymer composites and thermoelectric semiconductors to achieve elastic compliance and mechanical compatibility with the body. The thermoelectric properties are characterized in both energy harvesting (Seebeck) and active heating/cooling (Peltier) modes, and examine the performance of wearable energy harvesting under various conditions such as sitting, walking, and running. When worn on a user’s forearm while walking outside, the TEG arrays are able to power circuitry to collect photoplethysmography (PPG) waveform data with a photonic sensor and wirelessly transmit the data to an external PC using an on-board Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) radio. This represents a significant step forward on the path to sustainable body-worn smart electronics